Definitions
of TermsAffective domain Classification of factors comprising feelings, attitudes, emotion, etc. that affect learning and behavior
Amplified objectives An extended version of behavioral objectives in which more elaborate and specific parameters such as stimuli and types of responses are included for measurement and evaluation purposes
Assessment Measurement of achievements, abilities, attitudes, etc. aiming at forming judgements about individuals
Behaviorism The psychology of learning which emphasizes environmental influence on learning as stimuli, reinforcement, for the environmental variables and responses for the learning that take place
Centralized assessment Assessment of student learning by an external authority such as the Ministry of Education
Channel of communication Means by which communication is processed, e.g., videotape, television, newspapers, telephone or face to face
Cognitivism The psychology of learning which emphasizes human cognition or intelligence as a special endowment enabling mean to form hypotheses and develop intellectually
Constructivism Cognitive psychology having the main assumption that knowledge does not exist "out there" in an objective reality, but actively constructed by the learners from within through his experience and creativity. (Hendry and King, 1994)
Criterion-referenced Method of testing which emphasizes attainment of specified objectives at a specified criterion, generally employed in mastery learning
Decentralized assessment Assessment of student learning carried out by each educational institution
Discrete-point testing Testing the language components void of context of communication
Episodic structure Thematic, topical or story line of a communicative event
External evaluation Judging and making decision regarding a student by an external authority outside the school
Evaluation Judging and making decision regarding a student by using data gathered from testing
Formative evaluation On-going process evaluation of students by teachers in order to obtain data for remediation and development
Grammar of expectancy Anticipatory aspect of communication in a communicative event in which the participants' background experience is used to achieve successful communication
Integrated skills Combination of two or more skills in language use such as speaking and listening in conversation or reading and writing in translation, etc.
Integrative tests Tests that combine language skills such as listening-writing and reading-making an oral report
Internal evaluation Judging and making decisions concerning students' learning by classroom teachers and an educational institution-the term can be used for decentralized evaluation
Language components Elements of language consisting of sound, words, and grammatical rules
Language modalities Language skills grouped in terms of their receptive and productive nature, listening with reading, speaking with writing, an also by their characteristics or rendition into sound modality and graphic modality, listening with speaking, and reading with writing
Language skills Cognitive skills combining knowledge and understanding with practice in language use, generally consisting of listening, speaking, reading, and writing
Learning Society Entering into the New Millennium, the year 2001 marks the era of functionalist and cognitive-based criteria for measuring economic value of knowledge while maintaining and sustaining cognitive values of magnifying the capacity of human minds and brains in reflecting and creating knowledge.
Macro tests A test which emphasizes socio-cultural variables of human communication such as national holidays, clothing, meals, and social engagements
Multi-trait multi-method Measuring student learning by using various testing techniques for assessing various traits
Negotiation of meaning The process of communication by which participants in communicative events use the their communicative skills to either comprehend or to produce a message
Norm-referenced testing Using a testing method which emphasizes student learning achievement vis-?-vis their peers
Pragmatics Science of language use emphasizing socio-cultural variables in human interaction and transaction via language
Product-oriented Evaluation Evaluation of learning outcome in order to pass judgement on evaluating students
Reflective thinking The capacity of human minds and brains in understanding and creating knowledge
Separate but equal A language testing theory based on behaviorism
Strict separatism Language is studied singly, void of socio-cultural contexts
United theory A language testing theory based on cognitive psychology in which human mind and its capacity to transform and grow is emphasized
United environmentalism A language testing theory based on sociolinguistics
Valette & Disick taxonomy A taxonomy of language learning and language use developed by R. M. Valette and R. S. Disick consisting of five stages of the subject matter domain: mechanical, knowledge, transfer, communication, and criticism and five stages of the affective domain: tolerance, attention, interest, participation, and internalization
Washback effects Positive or negative effects of testing on students
